Swallow hole caused by deterioration of ageing masonry outlet culvert
Publish date
08 October 2025
Case ID#
3337
Title
Swallow hole caused by deterioration of ageing masonry outlet culvert
Nation
England
Regulator reference no.
512
Legal status
Statutory
Reservoir type
Impounding
Reservoir capacity
25,000 - 99,999m3
Year of construction
1800 - 1849
Main construction type
Earth fill embankment
Dam height
2 - 4.99 metres
Dam flood category
B
Hazard class
High-risk reservoir
Reservoir use
- Conservation (ornamental / heritage)
Owner type
Private individual(s)
Date & Time of incident
07 October 2024 - 12:00
Date incident closed
07 September 2026
Observations that caused the incident to be declared
- Slope or face deformation (slippage, cracking, slumps, mounds, depressions)
Describe the incident
Supporting photos
Natural processes which initiated or contributed to the incident
- Heavy/persistent rain (no flood)
What were the main contributing factors to the incident occurring?
Dam factors
- Deterioration of materials
- Failure or damage to pipes or culverts
External factors
- Other external factors (describe below)
Shortcomings
- No apparent shortcoming
What was the root cause of the incident?
Impacts on the reservoir
- Failure or damage to tunnel or culvert
- Internal erosion (adjacent to structures)
- Spillway or overflow - failure or instability
Supporting photos
Describe any human factors which influenced the incident
- A portable pump was installed to control the water at its normal level and sandbags were placed around the swallow hole to reduce significantly the flow of water entering it.
- The brought-in pumping equipment was provided and operated by the undertaker's contractor.
- A planned surveillance regime with prompt reaction from the personnel involved enabled an appropriate and timely response involving attendance at the reservoir by an ARPE.
- The absence of any forewarning is not perceived to be a surveillance failing on the part of the Undertaker or reservoir safety professionals. The chances of detection were considered to be small given that the eroded soil particles would be swept away downstream by normal baseflow.
Describe any instrumentation at the reservoir and how this was used in warning of the incident or providing monitoring during the incident
Was instrumentation effective leading up to and during the incident?
Not Applicable